Mathematical Analysis of Ferrofluid

Abstract

An incredible consequence of boundary layer flows can be watched in the environment where liquid and surface are in direct contact. The development of thin boundary layer [1] transpired where the liquid adjust speed of the body because of drag/friction forces. Influence of such forces is smaller inside the laminar region as compare to turbulence region. Recently, the scientists and researchers are interested to arise the rate of cooling or heating and reduce the friction drag in the advanced technological procedures. Thus different models were constructed for the reduction of drag forces or friction drag, for example, flows through the tail surface of plane, wing, and wind turbine rotor, etc. Although, the friction drag can be decreased by maintaining boundary layer beyond the separation and maintain a secure connection to slow the transition of the laminar to turbulent flow. This function can be accomplished by cause of distinct physical objectives like fluid injection and suction, through moving the surface, and the existence of different body forces. Likewise, the scientists have developed different types of boundary conditions that are applicable in the enhancement of rate of heating/cooling over the surface. Thus, the aim of the analysis concentrates on the reduction of friction drag and enhancement of rate of heating. The heat transport phenomena due to stretching sheets through the ambient fluid are characterized and reported widely in the modern literature survey. Characteristics of products and materials obtained through engineering and industrial processes, mostly depend on the structure and nature of fluid away from a sheet and also on stretching rate. As the unpredictable change in temperature of the extrudate or the rapid stretching may demolish the expected quality and characteristics of the resulting product, as well as, the heat transfer rate essential to be synchronized carefully. To overcome these difficulties, ambient fluids with significant electromagnetic characteristics are of great curiosity as their flow could be synchronized by the extrinsic magnetic field applied outside from the working fluid. In such situations, ferrofluids are significant in stabilizing the flow of heat. Ferrofluids are fluids that are synthesized in an artificial way and composed of extremely condensed suspensions of narrow magnetic/ferrite particles in a transporter liquid. These fluids perform like usual fluids except magnetization force. Ferrohydrodynamics studies the behavior of motion of magnetic fluid affected by magnetic polarization forces. In heat transfer equipment liquids are frequently utilized as heat transporter. Some examples of consequential benefits of heat transfer liquids involve avionics and vehicular cooling systems in different industries, cooling and hydronic heating systems in buildings, textile, papers, foods, and chemicals. In everything described, thermal conductivity of liquids that 3 transfer of heat are important in the construction of profitable heat transport material. As global competition intensifies, factories needs to construct improved heat transfer liquids consequentially larger thermal conductivities than are currently available. However, the existing literature on thermal conductivity restricted to micrometer or milimeter-sized particles until 1881. Maxwell’s theory [2] demonstrates that introducing ferrite/magnetic spherical particles accelerates thermal conductivity of different suspensions. It is suggested that adding nano-meter sized ferrite/metallic particles in heat transfer liquids e.g., engine oil, water, ethylene glycol, or ethanol to form to a new subclass of fluids along enormous thermal conductivity, the resulting fluid is termed as nanofluid. Nanofluids display better quality when compared with fluids containing micrometer-sized particles and conventional heat transfer liquids. Since heat transfer results on the wall of the particles, it needs to be used nanoparticles with considerable surface area. Ferrite/Nanoparticles have sufficiently large surface area as compare to micrometer-sized particles, and therefore nanofluids have extensive potential for application [3–21] in heat transfer.