Flows of Nanofluids inside Cavities: Finite Element Method

Abstract

Flows confined in cavities and enclosures are induced by buoyancy forces or both buoyancy and solid boundary movement. The two primary mode of buoyancy generated internal flows are natural convection and mixed convection. In such flows three main factors that control natural convection are the fluid volumetric expansion, the body forces (gravitational, electro-magnetic, centrifugal forces) and density differences (due to concentration and thermal effects). Natural convective flows inside different cavities and enclosure finds application in engineering science and technology. This subject got considerable attention due to its importance in various areas of geophysics, meteorology, geophysics, material processing, as a heat exchangers in nuclear reactor system, cooling of electronic equipment, solar energy system, fire control, in chemical processing apparatus, energy storage and conservation, thermal management in food storage stores, and many other fields of fluid and thermal science. A comprehensive review and applications of natural convection in different enclosures were initiated by Ostrach [1–6]. During the past decades literature on this topic includes the finite element solution of natural convection phenomenon in a cavity invokes by heated side wall, has been presented by Ismail and Scalon [7]. The different variations in flow and thermal profile is reported influenced of various considered geometrical shapes. 1 Sezai and Mohmad [8] investigated the heat transfer characteristics in an enclosure induced by natural convection from heat source at bottom wall. In another study Haghashenas [9] examined natural convective flow and thermal properties in a square cavity having one side open, they found that the heat transfer is greatly influenced by Rayleigh number. Mixed convection flows within cavities and enclosures have especially piqued the interest of many researchers because flow situation in enclosures and cavities have amazing computational and physical features which appear in many scientific and technological applications. Louaraychi et. al. [10] examined the combine free and force convection generated by horizontal boundary movement and heat transfer correlation in a rectangular cavity. Theoretical studies on force flow behavior due to boundary motion and and free convection caused by mounted heated triangular blocks equipped-in an enclosure have been explored by Gangawane et. al. [11]. Salimipour [12] conducted numerical investigations of flow profile and heat transport characteristics owing to horizontal cylinder inducing mixed convective transportation. Gupta and Nayak [13] examined the convective (free and force) flow movement in a vented parallelogram-shaped enclosure, they observed a stronger cold regime established because of force inflow through contaminant source. Abu-Hamdeh et al. [14] analyzed a free convection due to a heated source at bottom and forced convection stems form wall movement of an enclosure. In another study Muhammad et al. [15] examined the mixed convection in ethylene glycol based nanofluid inside an enclosure having a heater in center line. Some other investigations exploring convection phenomenon in various enclosures are considered i