Comparative Nutraceutical Analysis of Capparis decidua Edgew (Forssk.) Fruits at Different Maturation Stages

Abstract

Medicinal plants are the hub of active molecules and demand detailed scrutiny of biologically active compounds. The identification and purification of active components can be achieved by establishing a link between the extract processing procedure and bio-chemical activities. The purpose of this study was to explore Capparis decidua as a medicinal plant with diverse pharmacological properties. A Comparative Bioanalysis of the Capparis decidua plant with its different stages of Fruits Leaves’ Flowers’ and seeds was done in this study. Each sample was weighed out into an Eppendorf tube at a ratio of 100 mg to 1 mL DMSO. The extracts were centrifuged at 10,000 g for 15 minutes, and the resultant supernatant was applied for further biological assays. To assess phytochemical potential, the quantity of total phenolic content was lower in bark, leaves, and flower extract 28.71±1.44, 30.44±1.52, 62.94±3.15 µg GAE/mg DW extract, while higher in seed, and premature fruit extract 96.44±4.82, 86.96±4.30 µg GAE/mg DW, respectively. All the fractions of leaves, flowers, fruits initial, premature, mature, seed, and bark showed the total number of flavonoid contents 25.09±1.25, 22.72±0.91, 39.51±1.98, 39.63±1.59, 24.93±1.25, 42.39±2.12, 22.41±1.12 µg QE/mg DW respectively. Flowers and bark had a total antioxidant capacity of 266±13.3, 137.57±6.88 µg AAE/mg DW, which was below average in all fractions, while seeds had a high total antioxidant capacity of 389.90±19.49 µg AAE/mg DW. The highest reduction power was obtained from seed 258.01±10.32 µg AAE/mg DW, also the lowest in bark, leaves, and flowers extract i.e., 69.65±4.18, 146.06±7.30, and 225.92±11.30 µg AAE/mg DW respectively. Our current study results showed that C. decidua has supreme metal chelation capacity. The seed and premature fruit extracts had the greatest metal chelation activity, 63.203.17% & 60.853.1%, while the flowers had the lowest, 40.421.1% respectively. All the evidence indicates that the seed extract and premature fruits have the highest cytotoxic potential. Moderate antibacterial activity was observed by seed extract against different bacterial strains E. coli, K. pneumonia, and P. aeruginosa with a maximum inhibition zone of 12 mm. The significant enzyme inhibitory activity was also shown by all fractions. Maximum enzyme inhibition activity was demonstrated by fruit and seed extract as in amylase inhibition i.e., 69.29±3.41%, 96.79±4.83%, Urease inhibition i.e., 96.07%±4.83, and 95%.83±4.91%, and in Lipase inhibition i.e., 81.30±4.06%, and 75.75±3.78% respectively. Bioassay-guided isolation acknowledged its great potential for identifying active constituents. The plant and its parts have shown promising therapeutic effects, making them a strong option for drug development