Study of Baryon Number Transport using di erent LHC Energies and Assembly of 2S Module for the CMS Tracker Phase-2 Upgrade

Abstract

In the months of November and December 2009, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) produced the rst p-p collisions. Since then, all LHC experiments have collected a sizable data sample. An increasing number of unusual particles and events can be examined thanks to this event collection. Despite being mainly intended to examine heavy ion collisions, the ALICE experiment contains a robust program for studying proton-proton interactions. In this dissertation, through the ndings from the examination of p-p collisions at various LHC energies ( s = 900 GeV, 200 GeV, 2.76 TeV, 7 TeV and 13 TeV) are given. Focus is on the antibaryon-to-baryon ratio research because it is crucial for understanding how baryon numbers are transported and because it can both reveal the baryon number's carrier and provide details about the structure of the baryon itself. Speci cally, the p p , and + rapidity, and transverse momentum dependency. Results from simulations using the DPMJET-III, Pythia8, EPOS1.99, and EPOS-LHC models on the excitation function of anti-baryon to baryon ratios (p p , and + ) in pp collisions at s= 0.9 TeV, 2.76 TeV, and 7 TeV. Model simulation results are then compared to ALICE experimental results. These ratios were also computed at 13 TeV, at which LHC is taking high luminosity Run-II data in pp collisions, to study their predictions. One of the largest accelerators in the world is the Large Hadron Collider(LHC). Hadrons are accelerated toward the speed of light. The whole CMS outer tracker will be replaced as part of phase-2 upgrade for LHC high luminosity. The silicon-based strip detector is the outside component of the CMS outer-tracker, while the silicon-based pixel detector is the inside part. With a 200 m2 active area, it is the biggest silicon tracker yet constructed. Over 13,000 components will make up the new silicon outer tracker, comprising 7608 2S modules (two silicon strip sensors) and 5592 PS modules (one pixel and one strip sensor). The replacement of the whole tracker is part of the CMS Phase-2 upgrade. This research examines the 2S module, a key component of high-energy physics investigations. Front-end Application-Speci c Integrated Circuits (ASICs) with correlation logic read two strip sensors in the 2S module. A cooling structure supports and integrates 10 10 cm2 sensors with 5 cm long strips and a 90 m spacing. Wire bonding links sensors to readout hybrids with eight CMS Binary Chips (CBCs) and a data concentrator chip that uses less than 2 watts. This research contributes to the understanding and optimization of 2S modules in the context of high-energy physics experiments