Assessing the Biochemical and Reproductive Biomarkers to Evaluate Health Consequences of Heavy Metals Exposure among Male Brick kiln Workers in District Layyah, Punjab Pakistan

Abstract

The current study was designed to examine the impact of brick kiln emissions containing heavy metals on the reproductive health and biochemical status of brick kiln workers in Layyah, Pakistan. This study involved (n=300) workers and (n=200) non workers. Demographic data, health history and body mass index (BMI) were assessed. Blood samples were collected to determine heavy metals concentration, hematological profile and liver function test. Blood was centrifuged and plasma was collected and kept at -20oC to study biochemical variables between two groups. The results showed a significant decrease in BMI and DBP while increase in SBP and blood sugar among workers. Analysis of heavy metals in blood showed an elevated level of lead and cadmium in workers as compared to non-workers. Increased white blood cells (p=0.004), platelet count (p=0.001), alkaline phosphatase (p=0.001), alanine transaminase (0.000), aspartate aminotransferase (0.001), bilirubin total (p=0.000) and oxidants level while decreased hemoglobin (p=0.001), red blood cells (p=0.001), albumin (p=0.003), protein (p=0.001) and antioxidant enzyme were evident among workers as compared with the non-workers. Significant increase in total cholesterol (p=0.003), low-density lipoprotein (p=0.000) and triglyceride (p=0.001) while significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein (p=0.000) and testosterone levels (p=0.001) were seen among workers as compared with non-workers. Present study demonstrate increase in heavy metal burden in blood of brick kiln workers and caused reproductive health issues due to higher oxidative stress conditions. Alternate technology is needed to be developed and brickkilns should be replaced.