Communist Dignitaries of the NWFP: Role in the Freedom , Movement 1901-1947

Abstract

January 1, 1901 has been a significant day in the annals of the Pashtuns people since it was the date Lord Curzon I authorized the creation of a new Pashtuns provincial status of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP).2 On that same day, other British and Pashtuns experts began erecting the Pashtuns institutional strategy. The Pashtuns of British India's NWFP adopted peaceful struggle to oppose oppression and seek freedom for their motherland during India's fight for independence after a violent as well as turbulent history. 3 Pashtuns, who primarily inhabit Afghanistan and the Indo-Pakistani subcontinent's NWFP region, have a reputation for being brave, primitive and tribal. When Britain conquered this region in 1848, they divided it into two sections: the tribal area, where people continued to live their customary lives with less intrusion from outsiders, and the settled areas, which were under to rigorous government rule (council). Later, the British became concerned about the threat posed by Russia's approach to India and the internal upheaval in the NWFP, so in 1893 they built the Durand Line to keep Russia out of their empire. The governor of Punjab had administrative control over the settled districts, while the tribal regions had a degree of autonomy. In 1901, the FCR was handed control of the nearby independent Tribal Areas, while NWFP was given the stature of new Commissioner Province. 4 It was met with widespread opposition and was preceded by coordinated anti-colonial operations and revolutionary action in the tribal and NWFP regions supported by the Chamarkani global